تبادل الرموز هو امتداد لـ OAuth يتيح للعملاء الموثوقين الحصول على رموز جديدة دون تدخل المستخدم، وهو مفيد للانتحال والأتمتة والتكامل عبر الأنظمة المختلفة والهجرة في سيناريوهات متنوعة.
تم تقديمه في RFC 8693، يعد تبادل الرموز امتدادًا لـ OAuth الذي يسمح للعملاء الموثوقين بتبادل رمز موجود للحصول على رمز جديد بسمات أو نطاقات مختلفة. هذه الآلية مفيدة بشكل خاص لخدمة أو تطبيق أو مستخدم نهائي للحصول على رمز وصول OAuth عادي عبر رمز مسبق الترخيص، دون الحاجة إلى المرور بجميع خطوات OAuth.
لنلقِ نظرة أولاً على عملية تدفق رمز الترخيص في OAuth، وهي العملية الأكثر شيوعًا للحصول على رمز وصول.
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وهذه هي عملية تدفق تبادل الرموز:
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الفرق الرئيسي هو أن في عملية تدفق رمز الترخيص، يقوم تطبيق العميل بإعادة توجيه المستخدم إلى خادم الترخيص للحصول على رمز وصول. في تبادل الرموز، يمكن لتطبيق العميل تبادل رمز مع خادم الترخيص دون الحاجة إلى تدخل المستخدم لإعادة التوجيه.
وذلك لأن في عملية تدفق رمز الترخيص، لا يُعتبر تطبيق العميل "موثقًا" ويحتاج إلى معرفة بيانات اعتماد المستخدم للحصول على رمز وصول. في تبادل الرموز، يُعتبر تطبيق العميل موثوقًا لديه بالفعل الرمز من المستخدم، وسيقوم خادم الترخيص بالتحقق من صحة الرمز وإصدار رمز جديد.
في عملية تبادل الرموز، يصبح "الخادم الموثّق" الآن مشاركين:
تعد خدمة تبادل الرموز نفس "الخادم الموثّق" في عملية تدفق رمز الترخيص، ويمكن أن يكون مصدر الرموز موفر هوية طرف ثالث، أو مفصول من "الخادم الموثّق" كخدمة مخصصة.
يمكن تنفيذ تدفق تبادل الرموز بدون تدخل المستخدم، وهذا مفيد في السيناريوهات التالية:
تبادل للحصول على رمز وصول جديد هو الحالة الأكثر شيوعًا، سنأخذ ذلك كمثال. لا يقتصر الأمر على رمز الوصول، يمكن أيضًا استخدام تبادل الرموز لإصدار أنواع أخرى من الرموز مثل رمز التحديث، ورمز الهوية، إلخ.
لتنفيذ تبادل الرموز، يتطلب وجود تطبيق عميل مسجل لدى خادم الترخيص.
ويجب أن يكون لدى تطبيق العميل رمز subject_token قبل بدء عملية تبادل الرموز، عادةً ما يتم منح هذا الرمز من قبل خادم الترخيص أو موفر هوية طرف ثالث موثوق. من خلال امتلاك هذا الرمز، يمكن اعتبار تطبيق العميل "موثوقًا" لتبادل الرموز دون الحاجة إلى بيانات اعتماد المستخدم وتدخله.
يرسل العميل طلبًا إلى نقطة نهاية الرموز في خادم الترخيص لتبادل رمز موجود. يتضمن ذلك subject_token (الرمز الذي يتم تبادله) ويمكن تضمين الجمهور المستهدفة المطلوبة، والنطاق، ونوع الرمز بشكل اختياري.
grant_type: مطلوب. يجب أن تكون قيمة هذه المعلمة urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange مما يشير إلى أن تبادل الرموز يتم تنفيذه.subject_token: مطلوب. رمز PAT الخاص بالمستخدم.subject_token_type: مطلوب. نوع رمز الأمان المقدم في معلمة subject_token. قيمة شائعة لهذه المعلمة هي urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:access_token، ولكن يمكن أن تختلف بناءً على الرمز الذي يتم تبادله.resource: اختياري. مؤشر المورد، يساعد في تحديد المورد المستهدف لرمز الوصول.audience: اختياري. جمهور رمز الوصول، يشير إلى المستلمين المقصودين للرمز، قد يستخدم خادم الترخيص قيمة resource إذا لم يتم تحديد audience.scope: اختياري. النطاقات المطلوبة.بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يجب أن يتضمن الطلب معلومات العميل، التي يمكن ترميزها كرأس مصادق عليه أو إرسالها كبيانات نماذج.
هنا مثال على الطلب:
يدعم Logto تبادل الرموز مباشرة، بما في ذلك الانتحال و الرموز الشخصية.